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UNDERSTORY -
The understory is the layer of vegetation that grows beneath the main canopy of a forest but above the forest floor. It includes smaller trees, shrubs, and young saplings that thrive in the limited light filtering through the upper canopy. This layer often contains shade-tolerant species and plays a critical role in forest ecology by providing habitat and food for many animals, as well as contributing to soil stability and nutrient cycling. In some forests, especially tropical or temperate ones, the understory can be dense and diverse. The term can also refer more broadly to all vegetation—including herbaceous plants—growing under a mature tree stand. The composition and thickness of the understory vary greatly depending on factors like forest type, age, moisture, and light availability.
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